The ear is probably the most important organ to a musician and yet it is taken for granted. Based on my experience growing up, when I was taught music in elementary school, notation and learning to read notes was emphasized and it wasn’t until university that we would take a course on ear training. What I find most interesting, though, is that I’ve been reading materials (on music) that have been around for much longer than the past 30 years and they all emphasize the hearing aspect of music. So why is it that music education is just now starting to realize the importance in teaching ear training to their students?
As a child, we are bombarded with all sorts of sensory stimuli. Colors and things to see, sounds and music to hear, smells and smells, lots of textures to feel, how things taste. Eventually we learn to name objects and colors and the smell of things, and what something feels like, what’s good and not good to eat but in terms of sound, we are supposed to just accept it for what it is. Ear training can be vague term because it can mean a lot of things. One can train one’s ears to be good in discerning a major and minor chord or one can be trained in hearing which frequency sticks out before you use a filter to remove it. My goal is to be good at all these things. Working with acoustic sounds and digital sounds, I feel, would help in that.
But for now, I want to write about ear training in the classical sense. It is important for any musician to start training their ears as soon as possible. One may think that this means to learn what a minor second sounds like and then a major second and so forth but I like the idea of doing the reverse. Thanks to the Ear Training Companion, I can learn the sounds of intervals without learning what they are called. Of course it’s too late for me since I know what they are called but the idea is, like language, to listen to these sounds as the sound itself and then later you can label them. No one learns the word “cactus” by someone saying “C-A-C-T-U-S spells cactus.” This teaches you how to spell it but you learn “cactus” by hearing the word “cactus.” So the goal is to hear the interval first, then call it by its name. It’s not “this is a major second” and then play the sound, it’s play the sound then say “that’s a major second.”
But this nifty little program has more than just that. There is a game where you learn the sounds of different chords. Of course, the intent of the game is to identify which tone is present in the other chords. But I feel that this game also helps in hearing the individual chord tones and is helpful for learning how 2 of the same chords sound different because of inversion. Then there’s the Absolute Pitch Avenue game. This game helps you to identify a note’s chroma, that is, the unique marker that makes a particular pitch sound the way it does. This won’t gain you absolute pitch, though, but it’s a start and Mr. Aruffo’s site is full of information and research in regards to this.
Of course, I don’t leave all ear training to that great little program, there’s chord progressions to learn and rhythmic and melodic dictations. There are plenty of websites and software in existence that do these things but I also want to emphasize the human element. The software solutions are for if you are lacking a partner or tight on time but it would be best to do ear training with someone else. I only suggest this because a person might be able to help the pure beginner much better than a website can. I took a look at the forum of a site that, although it’s for learning absolute pitch, the exercises make for good ear training. The forum had many members that, based on what I read, had no formal ear training prior to joining and would struggle with the early exercises. Other members would then give “advice” which was essentially “use a melody trigger” and I think this hurts the ear trainer more than it helps.
With a live person with ear training experience, they can further explain what to listen for when testing intervals. Also, a note can be emphasized when playing chords and other things that on a computer would be slightly more difficult to do. One would also learn to hear intervals in a musical context as opposed to an intro to a song which is not practical. But all of this ear training is mostly passive. How can one be more active in ear training?
The answer is singing. The voice is the second most important thing to any musician, even instrumentalists and is the only instrument you have on you at all times. Want to know what a perfect fifth sounds like? Just sing one. You should know what it sounds like based on your practice so reproducing the sound should be as easy, if not, that’s why you sing, to solidify this knowledge. You can arpeggiate chords or sing the bass line to a chord progression. But the best part of singing and ear training is sight singing. This is almost its own thing but it is still a part of ear training. Once you know how to read music, you can put your ear training abilities to the test by choosing a starting pitch (either arbitrarily or the one notated) and singing based off your interval knowledge.
At this point, though, this is not efficient. Eventually, you’ll want to learn how to hear all the tones in a key as scale degrees. What does this mean? It means that if you’re in the key of C major, then if you hear a D or a G or and A, each tone has a quality in relation to the tonic, C. So a D gravitates to the closes C and a G wants to gravitate to the C as well. Whether this occurs in the music is not the point, the point is this is, again, something that one must hear to understand how all these tones relate to C or any other key. So back to the singing exercise, if your sight singing music is in C and the starting pitch is a G then goes down the scale to the C, you’d know to sing a fifth then sing down the scale as opposed to “ok a G to the F is a major second, F to E minor second” and so on. But nothing I write can help one learn this stuff, that’s how important the listening aspect of music is.
The goal, I feel, to ear training is to be able to read music on a page in your head just like one reads a book and hears the voice in your head (everybody reads like that right?) but also, to be able to know how any tone will sound against a particular key which is helpful with improvising (although you still should know your scales and theory!) With a good ear, one can also find transcribing music to be easier simply because one is familiar with how every tone is working within that particular key in the music.
Although I feel as if I wrote a lot, I don’t think I’ve even scratched the surface on ear training so if anyone else as any input, feel free to comment. Now that I’ve thought about it, I’m gonna start looking for software that trains your ear for audio production and if there’s no such thing, maybe I’ll get to work on one. Some day. Until next time!